为了进一步研究无人机的自主性,2000年美国提出了AO(Autonomous Operations,自主作战)概念。它是由美国海军研究实验室(NRL)和美国空军研究实验室(AFRL)的传感器飞机项目组率先提出推广的。对于未来的无人机,增强飞行器的信息处理能力是实现AO的关键。为了深入研究无人机的AO,AFRL又定义了自主控制等级(Autonomous Control Level: ACL)的10个等级[6],作为标准衡量无人机在自主程度方面的水平,如图1所示。NASA飞行器系统计划(Vehicle Systems Program,VSP)高空长航时部(Department of High Altitude Long Endurance, DHALE)在对以上划分分析的基础上,提出了评价高空长航时无人机自主性的量化方法。该方法划分的层次和意义更加明确,并具有更好的实际可操作性,如表1所示。综合国内外的研究和分析,王英勋等[7]根据国内无人机行业及学术研究的发展,提出一种自主控制的能力分级。
参考文献
[1] Nas M. Pilots by proxy: Legal issues raised by the development of unmanned aerial vehicles. [2013-05-22]. http://www.uatar.com/Legal%20Paper%20on%20UAVs.
[2] Unmanned systems integrated roadmap FY2011-2036. Department of Defense, USA, 2011.
[3] Clapper J, Young J, Cartwright J, et al. Unmanned systems roadmap 2007-2032. Washington: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2007.
[4] Austin R. Unmanned aircraft systems: UAVS design, development and deployment. Wiley, 2011.
[5] Gupta S G, Ghonge M M, Jawandhiya P M. Review of unmanned aircraft system (UAS). International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET), 2013, 2(4): 1646-1658.
[6] Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2035. Department of Defense, USA, 2005.
[7] 王英勋,蔡志浩.无人机的自主飞行控制. 航空制造技术, 2009(8): 26-31.
[8] Casbeer D W, Kingston D B, Beard R W, et al. Cooperative forest fire surveillance using a team of small unmanned air vehicles. Int J Syst Sci, 2006, 37(6): 351-360.
[9] Frew E, McGee T, Kim Z, et al. Vision-based road-following using a small autonomous aircraft// Proc. 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conf., Big Sky, MT, 2004: 3006-3015.
[10] Quigley M, Goodrich M, Griffiths S, et al. localization, and surveillance using a fixed-wing mini-UAV and gimbaled camera//Proc. 2005 IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain, 2005: 2600-2605.
[11] Girard A, Howell A, Hedrick K. Border patrol and surveillance missions using multiple unmanned air vehicles//Proc. IEEE Conf. Decision and Control, 2004: 620-625.(end)