SMACS(Self-Organizing Medium Access Control for Sensor Networks)协议[8]是分布式的协议,无需任何全局或局部主节点,就能发现邻节点并建立传输/接收调度表。链路由随机选择的时隙和固定的频率组成。虽然各子网内邻节点通信需要时间同步,但全网并不需要同步。在链接阶段使用一个随机唤醒机制,在空闲时关掉无线收发装置,来达到节能的目的。EAR(Eavesdrop-And-Register)算法[8]用来为静止和移动的节点提供不间断的服务。SMACS的缺点是从属于不同子网的节点可能永远得不到通信的机会。EAR算法作为SMACS协议的补充,但EAR算法只适用于那些整体上保持静止,且个别移动节点周围有多个静止节点的网络。
TRAMA(Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access)[11]用两种技术来节能:用基于流量的传输调度表来避免可能在接收者发生的数据包冲突;使节点在无接收要求时进入低能耗模式。TRAMA将时间分成时隙,用基于各节点流量信息的分布式选举算法来决定哪个节点可以在某个特定的时隙传输,以此来达到一定的吞吐量和公平性。仿真显示,由于节点最多可以睡眠87%,所以TRAMA节能效果明显。在与基于竞争类的协议比较时,TRAMA也达到了更高的吞吐量(比S-MAC和CSMA高40%左右,比802.11高20%左右),因为它有效地避免了隐藏终端引起的竞争。但TRAMA的延迟较长,更适用于对延迟要求不高的应用。
对于许多应用,运行能耗远大于待机能耗,故Edgar H. Callaway提出通过减少占空比来获得低能耗和高电池寿命的MD(Mediation Device)协议[2]。其中,节点在99.9%的时间处于睡眠,在醒来时发出询问信标。MD作为一个不停活动的仲裁者,通过接收有信息传输节点发出的RTS和目标节点的询问信标,协调两个节点暂时同步来传输数据。出于节能的考虑,又提出了分布式MD协议,即节点随机成为MD。这样每个节点的平均占空比仍可保持很低,整个网络保持低功耗、低成本的异步网络。并且由于MD的功能是在所有网络节点中随机分布的,无需精确布置某种专用的MD来保护网络分割。但是,由于节点必须等待临近的节点成为MD才能传输,时延将会增加。对于一些要求很低信息时延的应用,采用及时设置邻节点成为MD的方法来最小化时延,但又增加了能耗。另外,由于占空比低,没有过于考虑通道访问的问题。
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